My Experience With College And Earning A Degree - 1525 Words

My experience with college and earning a degree feels like an elusive treasure I have sought after most of my entire adult life. It was my junior year in high school when my journey began. As most of my classmates chose their best options upon graduation, the most obvious ones were which colleges we would most likely accepted at and attended in. At the time, my heart set on New York University and I felt confident of my acceptance. When I attended high school, I was not an overachiever, but not a slacker neither. In subjects such as the sciences, English and Writing I relaxed, but I needed extra effort in other subjects such as Math, and History. I would classify myself an above average high school student, and the potential of†¦show more content†¦This is a moment in my life I can replay over and over again in my mind, because of the monumental value it provided in my life’s direction. I pulled the letter out and unfolded it, while my heart pounded into a tachycardi a rate. As I began reading the first sentence, I smiled, and then I read further down the letter I felt all the walls inside the house closing in towards me. One sentence diminished my world and it said, â€Å"Although, you are an excellent student, and met all of the requirements for admission, we regret to inform you of our decision not to accept you at this time.† At this point, I stopped reading and fell to the knees. My eyes welled up with tears, as I reflected on my five-year plan coming to an end before it even started. I experienced my first heartbreak at seventeen years old, and I have never been the same person afterward. My family consoled and comforted me during this emotional epic of a failure in my life. Nothing or no one was able to lessen the blow of my rejection from the one thing in my teenage years I have wanted badly. Other acceptance letters arrived days after from Rutgers University and the State University of New York, yet none of them replaced the gap ing hole in my heart caused by New York University. My bitterness and disdain towards pursuing higher education stayed with me for a very long time. I decided not to attend college after I

Women s Degradation By Elizabeth Cady Stanton - 928 Words

â€Å"Women’s degradation is in man’s idea of his sexual rights. Our religion, laws and customs are all founded on the belief that woman was made for man† (Stanton) Believed to be one of the greatest and most influential feminists of not only her generation, but of all time, Elizabeth Cady Stanton paved the way for women and their rights in a time when they had none. Elizabeth, was one of the first feminist theorists in America and through her beliefs that women deserve equality and equal rights, she paved the way for the future of women and her effect on America is still felt today. Elizabeth’s first major fight within the world of feminism was after the Civil War had ended, and slavery had been abolished. She joined with Fredrick Douglas, Susan B. Antony, and many other influential women of the time, to create the American Equal Suffrage Association. This group was created to not only secure the voting rights of American women but also the voting right f or any freed slave. However, once the bill that had been created to ratify the fifteenth amendment came to the senate floor, it was discovered that although the bill included rights for colored men to vote, it excluded the word ‘sex’, therefore it did not give women the right to vote. The women’s movement of the American Equal Suffrage Association was outraged by the injustice done and they went on to continue the fight for equality without Fredrick Douglas. Having separated themselves from Douglas, Elizabeth and AntonyShow MoreRelatedRalph Waldo Emersons Connection To Transcendentalism1223 Words   |  5 Pagesinvolved viewing women as equal. Philip F. Gura, Transcendentalism and Social Reform, History Now, assessed May 14, 2017, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/first-age-reform/essays/transcendentalism-and-social-reform. Emerson s support for women s suffrage prompted him to write A Reasonable Reform to promote anti-suffrage and allow women to vote so that it [brings] together a cultivated society of both sexes. Ralph Waldo Emerson, A Reasonable Reform (1881), in Women s Suffrage AssociationRead MoreFeminist: A Women ´s Fight Against Discrimination1202 Words   |  5 Pages As a man I never knew what it felt like to be treated unequal in the sense of not being able to work the same job as other men do, or being stigmatized and frowned upon for being a male. This was the story for women in the United States until the 1800’s. This was the era in where women that felt like they should be treated equally in society finally grew the courage to fight for what they believed in. They wanted to show everyone that people are entitled to their freedom and liberty no matter theirRead MoreThe Womens Rights Movement of the 1800s Essays2917 Words   |  12 PagesRights Movement of the 1800s For many years, women have not experienced the same freedoms as men. Being a woman, I am extremely grateful to those women who, many years ago, fought against social standards that were so constricting to women. Today, women can vote, own property instead of being property, live anywhere and have any career which she may choose. One of the biggest reasons I have for choosing this topic was to find out what these women did to make a difference, not only in their livesRead MoreMilestone Of Women s Rights Movement1736 Words   |  7 PagesFalls, New York, was referred to as the first women’s right convention. It was the milestone in the entire movement of women’ rights, which has positive lofty significance for all the women in the world, because through this convention an organized women’s right movement was initiated in the United States. Many historians associated the Seneca Convention as part of Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s biography, owing to the fact that she was the event’s main organizer. In fact, it was only recently when theRead MoreThe Rights And Wrongs, Civil And Politics1630 Words   |  7 Pagesas these that we are assembled today, and to have them, if possible, forever erased from our statute books, deeming them a shame and a disgrace to a Christian republic in th e nineteenth century. We have met to uplift woman s fallen divinity upon an even pedestal with man s. And, strange as it may seem to many, we now demand our right to vote according to the declaration of the government under which we live. This right no one pretends to deny. We need not prove ourselves equal to Daniel WebsterRead MoreGender Inequality in Literature Essay1187 Words   |  5 PagesGender equality, men and women having the same rights and obligations, and everyone having the same opportunities in society, has been a topic of discussion for man and women for centuries (Dorious and Firebaugh). For many centuries, women have used literature as a voice used to defend their rights as women. Female authors achieved extraordinary success in literature functioning in a culture that frowned upon female literary desire but men still dominated the profession (Dorious and Firebaugh). UntilRead MoreAfrican Women During The 1800s1369 Words   |  6 PagesFrom Rags to Riches: Womens Roles in the 1800s No one can make you feel inferior without your own consent Women most likely had this inspiring quote in mind during the 1800s. In this 19th century, you can see the changing roles and perspectives of women as they struggle to form their own identity. Women were supposed to be seen and not heard. They cared for the home, their husband, and their children. Anything outside of those 3 areas stumbled upon by women were frowned against. Such as politicsRead MoreEquality in America3947 Words   |  16 PagesWOMEN In the middle to late 1800s, diversity swept across the United States of America. What is diversity? Diversity implies a wide variety in gender, race, culture, ethnicity, age, and other characteristics of certain groups (Diversity, 2006). Diversity is present in every possible aspect of life. It does not matter where one goes or what one does in America, no two people look or act exactly the same. America has been and still is known as a nation of freedom and diversity. Today, AmericaRead MoreWomen s Rights During The Early Twentieth Century1729 Words   |  7 Pageswas established, women wanted to have a part in equality. A right to vote, education, three waves of feminism and jobs are a few major topics that went on in the movement. The women who had their mind set on making their way to the top never gave up. It will start women thinking, and men too; and when men and women think about a new question, the first step in progress is taken. Said by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, sho ws how the road to success in women’s rights took place. With women fighting for thereRead More MATILDA JOSLYN GAGE: forgotten feminist Essay2528 Words   |  11 PagesMATILDA JOSLYN GAGE: forgotten feminist Introduced by Susan B. Anthony at the International Council of Women in 1888, Matilda Josyln Gage began her speech with a brief sketch of her early entry into the suffrage movement: I have frequently been asked what first turned by thoughts towards womans rights. I think I was born with a hatred of oppression, and, too, in my fathers house, I was trained in the anti-slavery ranks, for it was one of the stations on the underground railway, and a home of

Aviation’s Most Critical Human Factors Challenges Past and Present Free Essays

Human error has been documented as a primary contributor to more than 70 percent of commercial airplane hull-loss accidents. While typically associated with flight operations, human error has also recently become a major concern in maintenance practices and air traffic management [1]. Human factors The term â€Å"human factors† is often considered synonymous with crew resource management (CRM) or maintenance resource management (MRM). We will write a custom essay sample on Aviation’s Most Critical Human Factors Challenges: Past and Present or any similar topic only for you Order Now   Human factors involves gathering information about human abilities, limitations, and other characteristics and applying it to tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments to produce safe, comfortable, and effective human use [1]. Human factor specialists study each factor which can influence on the human activity on the cockpit. The job of an aviation psychologist is to reduce human error during flight. The main and most general objective of their work is optimisation of the human-computer interaction. From the one side electronic equipment should provide the full control of the flight and make easier pilot job. But just one error of board computer may be the cause of the disaster. Therefore crew should be aware and control all situation along with computer program to be able correct its mistake.   Because of high level of system automation often pilots even do not know what it is doing and why. Despite rapid gains in technology, humans are ultimately responsible for ensuring the success and safety of the aviation industry. They must continue to be knowledgeable, flexible, dedicated, and efficient while exercising good judgment [2]. Events of aviation human factors Since the world’s first airplane was invented in 1903 by Wilbur and Orville Wright people studied human factors in aviation and tried to make easier pilot work by all known methods. The first navigation aid was introduced in the USA in the late 1920s. It was airfield lighting to assist pilots to make landings in poor weather or after dark. The concept of approach lightning was developed from this in the 1930s, indicating to the pilot the angle of descent to the airfield, which later became adopted internationally through the standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). With the spread of radio technology, several experimental radio based navigation aids were developed from the late 20s onwards. These were most successfully used in conjunction with instruments in the cockpit in the form of Instrument Landing Systems (ILS), first used by a scheduled flight to make a landing in a snowstorm at Pittsburgh in 1938. A form of ILS was adopted by the ICAO for international use in 1949. Following the development of radar in World War II, it was deployed as a landing aid for civil aviation in the form of Ground Control Approach (GCA) systems, joined in 1948 by Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), and in the 1950s by airport surveillance radar as an aid to air traffic control [3]. After numerous air incidents and accidents were also solved (or minimized a danger of) a lot of technical problems like positive lightning, engine failure, metal fatigue, delamination, stalling, fire, bird strike, volcanic ash, etc. Much progress in applying human factors to improving aviation safety was made around the time of World War II by people such as Paul Fitts and Alphonse Chapanis. However, there has been progress in safety throughout the history of aviation, such as the development of the pilot’s checklist in 1937. The ability of the flight crew to continually maintain situation awareness is a critical human factor in air safety [3]. During WWII, psychologist Norman Mackworth studied performance of radar operations as he watched for German aircrafts to cross the English Channel. He noted the difficulty of attending to the radar operations for more than a few minutes. After WWII, Paul Fitts studied selective attention and how pilot’s eyes scanned an aircraft’s instrumental pattern. He questioned how the brain knows what is important in the environment and how much information can the eye take before moving to another fixation point [4]. Decades after WWII, the focus of research was on aircraft flight design, layout of instrument displays, and basic tasks of flying. Flight simulators were invented for pilot training and would allow for teaching of skills in a safe environment on ground which would transfer into performance in the real task. In the 1950’s jet aircrafts were invented with faster speed and less stability. In the 1970’s, the focus was on the mental workload and limits of human attention in performing several tasks at once. Finally, in the 1980’s a focus on on-board computer power changed the pilot’s task from an active pilot to more of a monitoring role [4]. To reduce the commercial aviation accident rate modern aircraft companies establish human factors departments. Human factors specialists work closely with engineers, safety experts, test and training pilots, mechanics, and cabin crews to properly integrate human factors into the design of airplanes. Their areas of responsibility include addressing human factors in Flight deck design. Design for maintainability and in-service support. Error management. Passenger cabin design. Flight deck design should satisfy such validated requirements as customer input, appropriate degree of automation, crew interaction capability, communication, navigation and surveillance traffic management. For instance Boeing commercial airplanes propose flight decks which are designed to provide automation to assist, but not replace, the flight crew member responsible for safe operation of the airplane. These systems support instrument displays with visual and tactile motion cues to minimize potential confusion about what functions are automated. Flight crew communication relies on the use of audio, visual, and tactile methods. This includes crewmember-to-airplane, crewmember-to-crewmember, and airplane-to-crewmember communication. Design for maintainability and in-service support includes chief mechanic participation, computer-based maintainability design tools, and fault information team and customer support processes [1]. Boeing has developed human factors tools to help understand why the errors occur and develop suggestions for systematic improvements. The tools are: Procedural Event Analysis Tool (PEAT) and Maintenance Error Decision Aid (MEDA). PEAT is an analytic tool created to help the airline industry effectively manage the risks associated with flight crew procedural deviations. MEDA began as an effort to collect more information about maintenance errors. Three other tools that assist in managing error are: Crew information requirements analysis (CIRA), Training aids, and improved use of automation. CIRA provides a way to analyze how crews acquire, interpret, and integrate data into information upon which to base their actions. The passenger cabin represents a significant human factors challenge related to both passengers and cabin crews. Human factors principles usually associated with the flight deck are now being applied to examine human performance functions and ensure that cabin crews and passengers are able to do what they need or want to do. Some recent examples illustrate how the passenger cabin can benefit from human factors expertise applied during design. These include: automatic over wing exit and other cabin applications. The improved version of the over wing emergency exit opens automatically when activated by a passenger or cabin or flight crew member [1]. Conclusion The list of events in the history of aviation can be endless as the list of events of aviation human factors. However the number of aircraft accidents had not been reduced to zero. Along with legacy achievements should be provide more efficient and modern ones. Therefore aviation industry is an extensive field for specialists of various directions. Bibliography Curt Graeber, Human factor engineering, Boeing commercial airplanes, July, 2005 Robert R. Tyler, An interesting career in psychology: aviation human factors practitioner, October, 2000 Wikipedia (free encyclopedia), 6 July 2005. History of human factors, Human performance training institute, July, 2005 How to cite Aviation’s Most Critical Human Factors Challenges: Past and Present, Papers

Influences on a Consumers Buying Behavior †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Influences on a Consumers Buying Behaviour? Answer: Introduction: Consumers purchasing decision is affected by a number of factors. These factors could be both internal as well as external factors that shapes the behaviour of a person and it compliment the way a person makes purchase decision. In the view point of Hameed and Soomro (2014), a good marketing strategy is the one that use a set of specific ideas and actions that comprises both internal and external factors that influences the consumers decisions. This part of the study is based on the previous study of consumer behaviour where two consumers who purchased iPhones were interviewed and their perspective was taken into consideration. An analysis of the internal and external factors that affect the consumers behaviour shall be carried on in this part of the study. On the basis of the analysis, certain proper marketing tactics shall be recommended as well. Explanation of the different internal influences on the consumers decision making process In the view point of Afzal and Khan (2015), consumer behaviour is a conceptual model and it cannot proper enough information to predict the actual reason behind a specific behaviour of a person. It is for the same reason certain factors are taken into consideration that actually assists in predicting the behaviour of the consumers. Attitude and lifestyle: As stated by Hande and Ghosh (2015), the most important internal factors that influence the purchasing decision of a consumer is the attitude and the life style of the individual. People like to maintain a life style that depends on their self concepts and the way their lives evokes the needs and desire of various things. It is when this particular need is encountered with the particular product, the purchase decision is triggered and the person makes the purchase irrespective of any other factor (Lawan and Zanna 2013). As it has been evident from the interview, similar situation has been observed. The first interviewee confirmed that the major reason behind purchasing the iPhone was the brand itself. The person did not opt for any other brand and stuck to the decision of purchasing iPhone. In this respect, it can be said that another important internal factor is the loyalty towards a particular brand. It is the perception of an individual towards the brand that makes binds the perso n towards the particular brand irrespective of any other factor (Durmaz 2014). It can be easily said that the person has good perception towards the Apple company that has made him purchase the iPhone without a single other thought. In addition to this, it can also be said that the person might have negative perception towards other brands like Samsung, LG and others. Personal need and motivation: Other important internal factors that affect the purchasing decision of an individual are personal need and motivation. As commented by Pappas (2016), the most substantial factor affecting the purchase decision is the personal needs of the person. It is based on the personal need of the person one gets influenced or motivated towards a particular product and makes positive approach towards the purchase decision (Haffar et al. 2016). For example, if one feels hunger, the person would look for a restaurant. However, the choice of the restaurant depends largely on the perception of the person. Similar approach was found among the respondents (Hameed and Soomro 2014). When it was asked that why they wanted to buy the iPhone, they commented that it was due to more memory, better camera options that they opted for iPhone and not any other. This clearly determines the needs and perspectives of the person over a particular product. In this respect, Jayakrishnan and Kumar (2015) commented tha t these internal factors and the perspectives of an individual remain clear to the marketers and this is the reason that the marketers often take the approach of presenting their products in a way that would eventually attract the consumers in a way that they would get inclined towards the particular product (Senthilkumar and Venkatesh 2017). An individuals psychology: According to the Maslows need theory, there is a concept of psychological needs as well that talk about the psychology of the people towards making a particular purchase (Haffar et al. 2016). The marketers need to analyse this psychology in order to frame their products in a way that would directly influence the purchaser. Other important factors that contribute towards the internal factors of purchasing decision are attitude and behaviour. A persons purchasing option depends on his attitude and behaviour. When a person remains exposed to the external world, his or her attitude and behaviour changes accordingly (Sharma 2014). It depends on the person with whom they stay or the places that they visit. One needs to maintain a particular status when it comes to disclosing self and this is the reason that they take extra initiative at the time of selecting a particular product. Explanation of the different external influences on the consumers decision making process As the internal influences are important at the time of purchase making decision, the external factors are also equally important when it comes to making purchase decision (Haffar et al. 2016). Some of the important external influences that directly contribute towards the purchase decision are cultural background of the person, segmentation of the groups of people and the target group of people as well. Cultural background: In the view point of Senthilkumar and Venkatesh (2017), ones purchase decision is largely depended on the factor from where the particular person belongs to. It has to be understood that the choice and taste of an individual differ from one culture to other. In addition to this, if a person belongs to a high culture or have high elite attitude, it is often found that the person always like to maintain the high attitude in life (Jayakrishnan and Kumar 2015). There is no doubt that the things that one possesses actually create an impression in the society. It is for the same reason, a person always likes to maintain that particular standard in the society and the same is reflected on the thing that the person purchases (Sen 2014). If the attitude of the interviewee is considered, it can be said that they are actually Asian origin and in order to maintain a particular attitude in the society, they are often found to make possession of costly things like iPhones. This creates a better im age of them in the society. This is the reason, people are often found to spend good amount of money on certain products because that would eventually create a high reputation of them in the society where they belong to (Haffar et al. 2016). This is one of the major external factors that influence the purchase decision of a person. Cost effectiveness of the product: In addition to this other external factors that largely influences the purchasing decision of a person is the cost of the product. When one makes any kind of purchase decision, one thing that comes in mind is the cost of the product. It is only when the price of the product is feasible for the person; the person takes the initiative to purchase the same. In this respect, Solomon et al. (2013) commented that people have their own perception towards the pricing factor of a particular object. Solomon et al. (2013) stated that people often consider that if a particular product is costlier than the other similar products available in the market; they assume that the product has something unique to offer and so they make the extra initiative and purchase the product irrespective of the extra amount of money that they actually have to pay (Haffar et al. 2016). This particular situation can be easily aligned with the iPhone purchasers. It has been evident that the interviewee had opted for t he iPhone because of its better memory capacity and the camera. When it was asked that they do really care about the price of the product; they said that they do not. This way it can be clearly stated that it was the product that they were looking for and the cost of the product did not bother them at all (Solomon 2014). Therefore, the purchase making decision was completely based on the unique characteristics of the product that were offered. Conclusion on the implication to marketing With the detailed analysis, it can be easily said that there are certain factors that shapes the purchasing decision of an individual. In order to reach out the target group of people in the most appropriate manner, it is important to consider those factors and carry out the marketing activities accordingly. Based on the findings, below is the summary of the influences and the tactics that the markets would consider at the time of targeting a market. Internal/External influences Marketing tactics to reach the target market Attitude and Life style (Internal influence) The marketing approach of the marketers should be focused on the factor that would signify their lifestyle. For example, if the target group is college student, the advertisement should focus on their life style and similar approach shall be taken for the professionals. However, attitude differs from person to person and influencing the same might be difficult for the marketers. Perception (Internal influence) In order to influence the perception of an individual, it is important to portray all the good qualities of the product to the consumers. Thus, at the time of marketing, the main features of the product should be highlighted making it different from the other available products. Culture (External influence) Culture varies from region to region. It is for the same reason, one particular advertisement or promotional technique cannot be used for all. It is recommended to carry out different promotional activities based on the culture of the people of a particular target group of people. Societal influence (External influence) The product that one possesses is directly related to the societal influence as well. In order to target the group based on the influence of the society, it is expected that the advertisement is framed in such a way that that directly creates a clear image of the society of the target group and thus, they can be easily influenced. Price of the product (External influence) Cost effectiveness is one of the competitive approaches that the marketers undertake in order to reach the right target group of people. Therefore, it is recommended that the marketers would undertake the cost or price of the product and make it effective enough to attract more consumers. Referances Afzal, S. and Khan, J.R., 2015. Impact of Online and Conventional Advertisement on Consumer Buying Behaviour of Branded Garments.Asian Journal of Management Sciences Education Vol,4, p.1. Durmaz, Y., 2014. The Influence of cultural factors on consumer buying behaviour and an application in Turkey.Global Journal of Management And Business Research,14(1). Haffar, M., Enongene, L.N., Hamdan, M. and Gbadamosi, G., 2016. The Influence of National Culture on Consumer Buying Behaviour: An Exploratory Study of Nigerian and British Consumers.World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering,10(8), pp.2962-2967. Hameed, I. and Soomro, Y.A., 2014. Consumer Buying Behaviour; A Factor of Compulsive Buying Prejudiced by Windowsill Placement. Hande, P.V. and Ghosh, D., 2015. A comparative study on factors shaping buying behaviour on B2B and B2C E-Commerce platforms in India.Excel International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies,5(3), pp.1-10. Jayakrishnan, A. and Kumar, G.V., 2015. Rural Consumers Perception Towards Buying Behaviour: A Study with Special Reference to Tiruvellore District, Tamilnadu.Sumedha Journal of Management,4(3), p.37. Lawan, L.A. and Zanna, R., 2013. Evaluation of socio-cultural factors influencing consumer buying behaviour of clothes in Borno State, Nigeria.Scope of Journal,1(3), pp.519-29. Pappas, N., 2016. Marketing strategies, perceived risks, and consumer trust in online buying behaviour.Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,29, pp.92-103. Sen, R.A., 2014. A Study of the Impact of Green Marketing Practices on Consumer Buying Behaviour in Kolkata.International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations,2(1), pp.61-70. Senthilkumar, N. and Venkatesh, S., 2017. Impact of Television Media in Influencing Consumer Buying Behaviour Through.Online Journal of Communication and Media Technologies,7(2). Sharma, M.K., 2014. The Impact on Consumer Buying Behaviour: Cognitive Dissonance.Global Journal of Finance and Management,6(9), pp.833-840. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Solomon, M.R., Russell-Bennett, R. and Previte, J., 2013.Consumer behaviour: Buying, having, being. Pearson Australia.

Systematic Identification of Bacillus Subtilis and Serratia Marcescens Through a Battery of Tests and Plates Introduction free essay sample

The purpose of this experiment was to use a systematic battery of tube tests and plates designed to lead to identification of two unknown bacterial species, from the combination of all results. A sample of bacteria was used, labeled â€Å"Sample 4†, from which both species was to be obtained, one gram positive and one gram negative. Table 1 is a list of the possible bacteria to be identified; the basic ideas and practice of identification of an unknown sample of bacteria are important for a microbiologist to develop. Not only is proper procedural practice necessary, the investigator must use critical thinking to solve the puzzle that an unknown bacterial sample represents. The essential idea of bacterial identification and grouping based on testable characteristics is referred to as taxonomy. The types of tests and the efficiency of the identification or taxonomic placement depend upon both the critical reasoning of the microbiologist and a well-designed plan. We will write a custom essay sample on Systematic Identification of Bacillus Subtilis and Serratia Marcescens Through a Battery of Tests and Plates Introduction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The tests performed and used in the determination of the gram positive bacteria in Sample 4 were the gram stain, esculin hydrolysis, catalase production, and observations from MSA, NA, and blood agar plates. The tests performed and used in the determination of the gram negative bacteria in Sample 4 were the gram stain, TSI slant, citrate utilization, indole production, and observations from EMB, NA, and DNase plates. All tests performed were reasoned to differentiate distinct characteristics of bacteria from the other possibilities, thus identifying the two unknown species in Sample 4. Table 1: List of possible bacterial species. Bacterial Species Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus mirabilis Shigella flexneri Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis Enterobacter aerogenes Enterococcus faecalis Serratia marcescens Distinct plate results and observations were expected to be essential to the bacterial determination of both species in Sample 4. During the identification, the bacteria were plated to multiple NA (Nutrient Agar) plates. Nutrient Agar is a general agar medium containing chemicals essential for growing most culturable bacteria in the lab; it is not considered a selective or differential medium, it simply gives insight into general colony characteristics (Madigan et al, 2012). Each of the two different species of bacteria underwent a gram stain; the gram stain method involves staining and counterstaining a sample of cells, in which the results depend upon the composition and thickness of elements of the cell wall. Gram negative cells have more chemically complex cell walls, gram positive cells are less complex yet have a thicker layer of a component called peptidoglycan. The difference in results from a Gram stain is because of this distinction in cell wall composition. After treatment with iodine and decolorization with acetone, gram positive bacteria retain the coloration of the first dye used, and gram negative bacteria are counterstained with the color of the second dye (Madigan et al, 2012). After identification of a bacterial sample as gram positive or negative, the latter may be plated to an EMB plate, the former to an MSA plate. Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) plates are designed with selective high concentrations of salt, as well as a differential yellow color change which indicates bacteria that ferment mannitol. Eosin Methelyne Blue (EMB) plates are formulated for the encouragement of growth for gram negative bacterial species; EMB plates can also indicate the bacterial fermentation of lactose if the plated colonies are purple after incubation (Levine, 1981). Two other plates commonly used to identify characteristics of bacteria are the DNase and blood agar plate. A DNase plate is an agar plate used to test for a microorganism that employs the enzyme DNase, which breaks down DNA. A DNase plate contains DNA bound to a dye embedded in the agar, this dye is only colored when bound to the negatively charged DNA particle. If DNA on the plate is broken down by a microorganism, the dye will no longer be bound to it, and thus no longer be colored. A positive result for DNase then, is a clearing zone or â€Å"halo† around the bacterial streak on the plate (Menzies, 1977). A blood agar plate is used to test a gram positive microorganism’s hemolysis activity. Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells, thus an agar plate embedded with red blood cells is used to test for this activity. If red blood cells are broken down, the red color of the agar will disappear and the result is said to be positive beta-hemolysis; if there is no clearing under or around the microorganisms the result is said to be negative gamma-hemolysis (Brown, 1991). Plate results are an important framework on which to rest the slant and tube tests that follow them. The results of slant and liquid tube tests give indications on less of a spectrum basis than plate results, but can be just as useful when many are compiled together. The bile esculin hydrolysis test is a selective and differential slant used to identify bacteria of the genus Enterococcus. The test contains bile salts to select for the desired bacteria, and differentiates because the hydrolysis of esculin and subsequent combination of the products with iron produces a black color. A positive test for the bile esculin slant is a completely blackened tube (Lindell et al, 1975). A triple sugar iron (TSI) slant is used to identify sugar fermentation in a microorganism; it contains a red pH-sensitive dye that will turn yellow under acidic conditions, such as contact with the acidic byproducts of sugar fermentation. The three sugars, sucrose, lactose and glucose, are present in specific concentrations, 1%, 1%, and . 1% respectively (Hajna, 1945). The combination of the color change results and the location in the tube of the changes allows for a multitude of varying results. The TSI slant is a useful launch point for an investigation of this type, because the varying results can give a solid idea of what direction the remainder of the tests must take. A citrate utilization test is used to determine if an organism uses citrate as its only source of carbon, a positive result will change the dye in the slant from green to blue due to the byproducts changing the pH in the tube (Kiska et al, 2002). An indole production test is used to indicate if an organism can degrade the chemical tryptophan into indole and other products. After incubation, the tube is tested for indole production by the addition of Kovac’s reagent; the reagents indicates a positive result if it is colored red in the tube, negative if it is not red (Watanabe et al, 1972). A catalase test is a slightly different category of test than plates or slants; it used to determine if a microorganism uses the enzyme catalase. If, upon placement of a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a bacterial colony, bubbles are produced, the bacteria has broken down the H2O2 into water and oxygen. The oxygen production is responsible for the bubbles, thus bubbling is said to be a positive test for the enzyme catalase (Keilin et al, 1938). The systematic inventory of the results obtained from all of the tests allowed the gram negative and gram positive species of bacteria in Sample 4 to be determined as Serratia marcescens and Bacillus subtulis, respectively. Procedure: The bacterial tube labeled â€Å"Sample 4† was obtained, the bacteria inside were streaked for isolation to an NA plate and incubated overnight at 37 ° C. Distinguishing by isolated colony color and morphology on the NA plate, a gram stain was performed on one of each of the two distinct colony types. The gram negative bacteria was both plated to an EMB plate and streaked to a new NA plate for isolation. The gram positive was both plated to an MSA plate and also streaked to a new NA plate for isolation. The plates were incubated overnight at 37 ° C. Colonies isolated on the gram positive NA plate were used to inoculate all of the following tests. A bile esculin slant was streaked along the surface with a loop. The slant was incubated overnight at 37 ° C and the results were recorded. A blood agar hemolysis activity plate was streaked for isolation, and then incubated overnight at 37 ° C, the results were recorded. Finally, a catalase test was performed by directly placing a drop of hydrogen peroxide on a colony of the NA plate and the results were recorded immediately. Colonies isolated on the gram negative NA plate were used to inoculate all of the following tests. A TSI slant was first stabbed through to the bottom, and then streaked along the surface with a loop. The surface of a citrate slant was streaked in a zigzag pattern. A tube of broth containing tryptophan was inoculated with a loop full of bacteria for the indole test. After incubation, two drops of Kovac’s reagent was added to this tube and the color of the drops was recorded. All of the tests above were incubated for 24 hours, with the exception of the citrate test which incubated for 48 hours at 37 ° C, the results were subsequently recorded. A DNase plate was marked down the center; each half was designated to one of the two species, and a single straight streak of a colony from the respective NA plates was set onto the agar. The DNase plate was incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours, results were observed and recorded. As all results were recorded, they were compared to previously collected data to decide what still needed to be tested to come to a bacterial determination. Results: The following results are summed up in Table 2. The initial NA plate gave two distinct colony morphologies and colors: large fuzz-edged off-white colonies, and small, pink smooth colonies. The gram stain for the off-white colonies returned purple long bacillus bacteria; the gram stain for the pink colonies showed many small pink bacillus. The MSA plate showed a yellow color change with medium sized colonies. The EMB plate inspection gave small smooth pink colonies. The bile esculin slant showed no color change. The blood agar plate also showed no change in color and no clearing zone around the bacterial colonies. Upon placement of hydrogen peroxide on the colonies for the catalase test, bubbles were observed immediately. A yellow butt and red slant was the observed result from the TSI slant. The off-white colony side of the DNAse plate showed no clearing, the other half had pink smooth colonies with a halo clearing zone surrounding the streak. Upon addition of Kovac’s reagent to the indole test, the reagent was a yellow-orange color. The citrate slant resulted in a color change from green to blue of the entire slant. Table 2: Summary of results obtained from both species in Sample 4. TestOff-white Colony ResultsPink Colony Results NA Platelarge, fuzz-edged colonies, off-white colorsmall, smooth colonies, pink color EMB PlateN/Asmall, smooth pink colonies MSA Platesmall colonies, yellowing of agarN/A Bile Esculin Slantno color change, yellowN/A Blood Agar Plateno change, no clearingN/A Indole TubeN/Aorange-yellow reagent drops Citrate TubeN/Ablue color change TSI SlantN/Ayellow butt, red slant Catalase TestN/ABubbles Dnase Plateno clearing zone observedbright pink colonies, obvious clearing zone Discussion: A compilation of all results led to the determination of both species of bacteria present in Sample 4. The purple color, indicating a thick peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall, of the gram stain for the off-white colonies implied the presence of gram positive bacteria. The pink coloration, indicating a thin peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall, of the gram stain for the pink colonies was indicative of gram negative bacteria. Based on the following results and reasoning, the gram negative species in Sample 4 was determined to be Serratia mercescans. First examined in the determination were the TSI slant results. The yellow butt and red slant of the test imply the bacteria fermented only one of the three sugars present in the agar: glucose. This is understood when the concentrations of each sugar is examined; if either lactose or sucrose had been fermented, the entire tube would have changed color, if no sugars were fermented, the tube would have remained the same red as before. The significance of the butt of the tube changing color and not the slant indicated fermentation of only glucose, as there is not enough glucose in the slant to turn the whole tube yellow. These results are supported by research suggesting S. marcescens ferments glucose, but does not ferment either lactose or sucrose (Wilfert et al, 1970). The DNase plate was essential to the identification because of the distinct result; the obvious clearing zone around the bacteria indicated DNase activity, and the pink colonies on the plate were definitive for that test. S. marcescens is proven to test positive for DNase activity 92. 4% of the time, as well as show consistently pink colored colonies (Wilfert et al, 1970). The citrate utilization test was positive because the dye in the tube changed color from green to blue, denoting an alkaline pH change resulting from the breakdown of citrate by the bacteria. The result of the indole production test was negative, because the added Kovac’s reagent was not colored red. S. marcescens has been proven to test positive 100% of the time for citrate utilization, and test negative 99% of the time for indole production (Wilfert et al, 1970). The NA and EMB plates further solidified the identification of the gram negative bacteria as S. marcescens. The species has consistently smooth, pink colonies on nutrient agar, as well as on EMB. The sample was also consistent in testing negative for the fermentation of lactose because it did not result in purple colonies on the EMB plate, the color remained unchanged. Overall, the distinctive compilation of the test and plate results in comparison to known characteristics of all possible bacterial unknowns for the gram negative bacteria allowed for determination as S. marcescens; possibly most notable: the constant pink coloration of the colonies. The gram positive species in Sample 4 was determined to be Bacillus subtilis based upon the observed results and observations, as well as detailed research information describing typical B. subtilis characteristics. A very powerful early indication of B. subtilis came from information attainable from the gram stain, cell morphology. Every cell observed on the slide was bacillus or rod shaped; of the three possible gram positive bacteria (B. subtilis, S. aureus, and S. faecalis) only B. subtilis is morphologically bacillus, the others are coccus. The result of the catalase test was clearly positive, the immediate production of bubbles indicated a bacteria able to break hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. B. subtilis has been shown to test positive for the enzyme catalase; the species is even occasionally used as a model organism in laboratory catalase research (Bol et al, 1991). The response of the bacteria to the esculin hydrolysis test indicates a negative result. No black color change indicated that the esculin in the slant was not broken down, and there were no byproducts to bind to iron and turn the tube black. In an aside to the initial morphology result, the esculin hydrolysis and catalase tests indicate the gram positive unknown is not S. faecalis, a species known to show color change for esculin hydrolysis and negative for the catalase enzyme (Zervos et al, 1987). The blood agar showed no change in the agar, indicating gamma-hemolysis. B. subtilis has not been known to typically lyse blood cells, the model laboratory organism S. aureus has been known to exhibit this characteristic (Fairweather et al, 1983). This final test, in conjunction with the gram stain morphology result, discounts the possibility the unknown species is S. aureus, leaving the final determination of the gram positive unknown in Sample 4 as B. subtilis. In the era of phylogeny, the determination of a bacterial species’ place in the tree of life by way of nucleotide base pair sequencing, taxonomic studies such as this have taken a back seat in true bacterial identification. Phylogeny, however, requires much more time and analysis than the determination of bacteria by testing for certain characteristics; this difference is worth the sacrifice in exact results in situations where an unknown bacteria has caused infection or contamination. Thus, batteries of tests and plates are used commonly in clinical situations where the medical response may need to be immediately determined to help an individual, or prevent an outbreak. Typically, the same strategy of testing by design is used by those in the medical field to launch an investigation into an unknown pathogen or contaminant. The investigator must combine all their knowledge and skill to come to an accurate conclusion, making this type of experiment an essential tool for microbiologists.

Conflict Resolution (no Cover Page Please) Example

Conflict Resolution (no Cover Page Please) Example Conflict Resolution (no Cover Page Please) – Coursework Example Can this study provide suggestions for how to deal with conflict between nations? If so, make suggestions based on the study’s findings. The study can provide suggestions for how to deal with conflict between different countries. In the past, conflict between communities was so much easier to resolve as it only revolved around specifically the two countries in question. However, at the moment, whenever there is a conflict between two countries there is a chance that other states are likely to join in as a way of offering support to the country they are in favour of. This further makes it harder when resolving conflicts between the countries (Deutsch and Kraus, 1960). This may further lengthen the periods of conflict resolution. The article elaborates that the determining factor for successful conflict resolution is if both parties to the dispute are willing to give and take in order to reach a solution in which both parties get to benefit. The mistake that most countries make while trying to resolve conflict between them is imagining that they can use their bargaining power as a threat to get the other country to yield to their demands. Truth of the matter is, countries depend on each other in some way so each country is bound to have some form of advantage to use as a counter threat. According to Deutsch and Kraus (1960) state, that use of threat during conflict resolution is likely to hold the conflict resolution at a standstill hence derailing the entire process. Using threats during conflict resolution results in psychological warfare in which each country is likely to not give in to three basing this on the notion that giving in would be a sign of weakness. Furthermore, one party choosing to yield to the other party’s threat is likely to deem more expensive in the end as compared to in an instance where they continue with the conflict resolution for a while longer. ReferenceDeutsch, M., & Krauss, R. M. (1960). Theories in social psychology, M orton Deutsch and Robert M. Krauss. Journal of abnormal and social psychology 1960 Vol. 61, No. 2 181-189.

The Gait Cycle In Relation To Plantar Corns Essay

The Gait Cycle In Relation To Plantar Corns - Essay Example Karl, B. 2013 (online article) asserts that corns and other plantar calluses cause limitations in walking, inability to carry out daily normal routines as well as an increased risk of falling to those affected. Corns are mainly resolved through a surgical removal that cuts them off. The feet being an organ of movement has to always be on the move with a normal person making 3 000-5 000 steps per day and an active person making 10 000 steps according to Biomechanics of walking 2012. Barney, S. 1995 in an online article asserts that gait simply refers to the style or manner of walking as opposed the actual process of walking. The gait cycle, is the time interval involved for one foot to make a step, it starts when the foot leaves the floor and ends when the same foot returns to the floor. The gait cycle encompasses two stages, the stance and swing stages Barney, S. 1995. The stance stage happens when the foot is on the floor and entails about sixty percent of the walking process. The swing stage happens when one foot is mid-air and the other foot is on the floor. The corn on metatarso-phalangeal joint affects the normal gait pattern resulting to an antalgic or abnormal gait. This leads to adjustments which Whittle, M. 1996 refers to as compensations or consequences. This is because the foot with the corn tends to avert spending the required time interval on the floor.